Speed of Light by Michelson 1879

In 1879, Albert Abraham Michelson, an American physicist, published several observations of the speed of light in air. This was early in his quest to measure the speed of light accurately. The speed of light in a vacuum is currently defined as 299 792 458 meters per second. The speed of light through air is about 90 000 meters per second slower. Michelson used some improvised equipment to collect this data set.
MATH221
science
physics
Author

MATH 221

Published

May 2, 2024

Data details

There are 100 rows and 5 columns. The data source1 is used to create our data that is stored in our pins table. You can access this pin from a connection to posit.byui.edu using hathawayj/speed_of_light_by_michelson_1879.

This data is available to all.

Variable description

  • SpeedOfLight: Speed of light (millions of meters per second)
  • Temp: Temperature (F)
  • Day: Day of the month
  • TimeOfDay: (AM/PM)
  • Set: Identification number of dataset (1 to 24)

Variable summary

Variable type: numeric

skim_variable n_missing complete_rate mean sd p0 p25 p50 p75 p100 hist
SpeedOfLight 0 1 299.85 0.08 299.62 299.81 299.85 299.89 300.07 ▁▃▇▃▁
Temp 0 1 76.39 8.65 58.00 72.00 77.00 83.25 90.00 ▅▁▇▆▆
Day 0 1 14.86 6.99 1.00 9.00 15.00 19.25 28.00 ▃▆▇▃▅
Set 0 1 12.99 6.67 1.00 7.00 13.50 18.25 24.00 ▅▇▅▇▆

Variable type: character

skim_variable n_missing complete_rate min max empty n_unique whitespace
TimeOfDay 0 1 2 2 0 2 0
Explore generating code using R
library(tidyverse)
library(pins)
library(connectapi)

speed_of_light_by_michelson_1879 <- read_csv('https://github.com/byuistats/data/raw/master/SpeedOfLightByMichelson1879/SpeedOfLightByMichelson1879.csv')


# Publish the data to the server with Bro. Hathaway as the owner.
board <- board_connect()
pin_write(board, speed_of_light_by_michelson_1879, type = "parquet", access_type = "all")

pin_name <- "speed_of_light_by_michelson_1879"
meta <- pin_meta(board, paste0("hathawayj/", pin_name))
client <- connect()
my_app <- content_item(client, meta$local$content_id)
set_vanity_url(my_app, paste0("data/", pin_name))

Access data

This data is available to all.

Direct Download: speed_of_light_by_michelson_1879.parquet

R and Python Download:

URL Connections:

For public data, any user can connect and read the data using pins::board_connect_url() in R.

library(pins)
url_data <- "https://posit.byui.edu/data/speed_of_light_by_michelson_1879/"
board_url <- board_connect_url(c("dat" = url_data))
dat <- pin_read(board_url, "dat")

Use this custom function in Python to have the data in a Pandas DataFrame.

import pandas as pd
import requests
from io import BytesIO

def read_url_pin(name):
  url = "https://posit.byui.edu/data/" + name + "/" + name + ".parquet"
  response = requests.get(url)
  if response.status_code == 200:
    parquet_content = BytesIO(response.content)
    pandas_dataframe = pd.read_parquet(parquet_content)
    return pandas_dataframe
  else:
    print(f"Failed to retrieve data. Status code: {response.status_code}")
    return None

# Example usage:
pandas_df = read_url_pin("speed_of_light_by_michelson_1879")

Authenticated Connection:

Our connect server is https://posit.byui.edu which you assign to your CONNECT_SERVER environment variable. You must create an API key and store it in your environment under CONNECT_API_KEY.

Read more about environment variables and the pins package to understand how these environment variables are stored and accessed in R and Python with pins.

library(pins)
board <- board_connect(auth = "auto")
dat <- pin_read(board, "hathawayj/speed_of_light_by_michelson_1879")
import os
from pins import board_rsconnect
from dotenv import load_dotenv
load_dotenv()
API_KEY = os.getenv('CONNECT_API_KEY')
SERVER = os.getenv('CONNECT_SERVER')

board = board_rsconnect(server_url=SERVER, api_key=API_KEY)
dat = board.pin_read("hathawayj/speed_of_light_by_michelson_1879")